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Slide 1 - Imaging for Arthritis NP/FP Outreach Curriculum in Rheumatology September 16, 2010 Dr. Sherry Rohekar
Slide 2 - Outline Introduction to imaging modalities Focus on plain radiography OA RA PsA AS Gout Pseudogout
Slide 3 - X-rays Taking a 2-dimensional image of a 3-dimensional structure Superimposition of structures can thus obscure pathology Quality is also affected by patient positioning, exposure techniques Multiple views of the same area are useful Good for: fractures, bone lesions, osteophytes, joint space narrowing, erosions, cysts
Slide 4 - Computed Tomography (CT) Also uses x-rays, but is superior than plain radiographs Improved contrast 3-D imaging Attenuation of the x-ray beam travelling through tissues is measured from multiple angles Substantially increased patient exposure to radiation when compared to plain films Good for: fractures, subluxations, sclerosis, cystic bone lesions, evaluation of surgical hardware
Slide 5 - Ultrasound (US) Uses the interaction of sound waves with living tissue to produce an image Doppler modes allow the determination of the velocity of moving tissues (i.e., blood flow) User dependent, so requires an experienced technician who can make real-time measurements Difficult to assess all planes Good for: joint effusions, tenosynovitis, ganglia, erosions in RA, bursitis, tendonitis, and for guided injections/aspirations
Slide 6 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Based on the absorption and emission of energy in the radiofrequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum No ionizing radiation exposure, superior soft tissue contrast resolution, excellent for the assessment of soft tissues, can image in multiple planes Takes a long time to get access to scanner Good for: tenosynovitis, joint effusions, synovial proliferation, cysts, erosions, cartilage loss, reactive bone changes
Slide 7 - Nuclear Scintigraphy In addition to showing anatomy, also provides information about underlying physiology Most commonly used for MSK imaging: technitium-99m methylene diphosphate (Tc-MDP) Can detect synovial hyperemia on the blood pool phase and periarticular uptake on the delayed phase in joints affected by inflammatory arthritis VERY nonspecific, most rheumatologists consider the results to not be useful in clarifying the diagnosis Good for: determining total number and symmetry of joints involved
Slide 8 - Approach to an Image Soft tissues: effusions, calcification, masses Mineralization: diffuse demineralization, periarticular demineralization Joint narrowing and subchondral bone: narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, intraarticular bodies, ankylosis Erosions: central (articular surface), marginal (bare area), periarticular, mutilans Proliferation: osteophytes, periostitis Deformity: varus/valgus, flexion/extension, subluxation, dislocation, collapse Distribution: monoarticular, pauciarticular, polyarticular, symmetric/asymmetric
Slide 9 - Osteoarthritis Joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, cysts Joint effusions are not uncommon Early osteophytes look like sharpening of the joint edges Distribution: weight bearing joints (hips, knees, back) In the hands: DIPs, PIPs, CMC of thumb Shoulder: glenohumeral OA usually secondary to rotator cuff disease
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Slide 16 - Rheumatoid Arthritis RA characterized by synovial proliferation (pannus), bursitis and nodules Can cause ill-defined soft tissue planes and prominances on plain films Nodules appear as focal soft tissue masses especially at the olecranon bursa and areas of friction Tenosynovitis can appear as diffuse soft tissue swelling, commonly seen at the wrist Periarticular osteoporosis is an early finding , but can also see generalized osteoporosis
Slide 17 - Rheumatoid Arthritis Characteristic lesions are erosions in the marginal (bare) area Pannus erodes the bone at the margin of the joint capsule where the redundant synovium exits, next to the articular cartilage Osseous proliferation is not commonly seen with RA, but can be seen with secondary OA in joints with RA Subchondral cysts may be large Earliest changes are usually in the hands and feet Ulnar styloid soft tissue swelling, extensor carpi ulnaris tenosynovitis
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Slide 19 - Marginal erosion Erosions Soft tissue swelling
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Slide 21 - Rheumatoid Arthritis Deformities Subluxations at the MCPs and MTPs Ulnar deviation of the digits Swan-neck and Boutonniere deformities
Slide 22 - Severe ulnar deviation Severe erosions of MCPs Complete destruction of the wrist Resorption of the carpals and the heads of the metacarpals Radial deviation of the wrist
Slide 23 - Boutonniere deformity of the thumb Flexion with dislocation of the first MCP joint Hyperextension of the IP joint
Slide 24 - Rheumatoid wrist: articular destruction, carpal fusion and carpal collapse. Severe destruction of the distal radius and ulna.
Slide 25 - Rheumatoid foot Multiple osseous erosions and defects at the medial and lateral margins of the metatarsal heads Marginal erosions at the bases of the proximal phalanges (arrows)
Slide 26 - Rheumatoid foot Medial and lateral erosions of the 5th metatarsal head Subluxation of the 5th MTP joint
Slide 27 - Rheumatoid foot Characteristic erosion along the medial margin of the proximal phalanx of the great toe Subchondral cyst at the base of the distal phalanx
Slide 28 - Soft tissue findings in rheumatoid knee Synovial effusion in the suprapatellar pouch and posterior recesses
Slide 29 - Atlantoaxial subluxation in RA Always a concern in patient with longstanding RA and neck pain or cervical neurological symptoms
Slide 30 - Order a view of the atlantoaxial articulation through an open mouth to fully assess. This shows lateral atlantoaxial subluxation of the odontoid process with respect to the lateral masses of the atlas.
Slide 31 - Psoriatic Arthritis Characterized by erosions and bony proliferations RA does not typically have new bone formation Asymmetric distribution Typical “ray” distribution (involves several joints along a single digit) Can involve the axial skeleton, as in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Soft tissue findings: fusiform soft tissue swelling around the joints; can progress so the whole digit is swollen (sausage digit or dactylitis) “Fluffy” periostitis at the entheses Marginal erosions also often show fluffy periostitis from new bone formation
Slide 32 - Psoriatic Arthritis Deformities Pencil and cup – end of bone looks like it has been through a pencil sharpener, reciprocating bone becomes cupped Telescoping of one bone into another Complete destruction of bone (arthritis mutilans)
Slide 33 - Psoriatic hands Erosive changes at the DIPs and PIPs Sparing of MCPs and wrists
Slide 34 - Arthritis mutilans Pencil and cup deformity Pencilling
Slide 35 - Psoriatic arthritis Asymmetric involvement Soft tissue swelling and periosteal reaction in 2nd and 3rd fingers
Slide 36 - Periosteal reactions
Slide 37 - Bony ankylosis of DIP joint
Slide 38 - Psoriatic Arthritis Spine Asymmetric sacroiliitis Chunky, asymmetrical syndesmophytes (bony bridges between vertebrae)
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Slide 40 - Chunky, non-marginal syndesmophytes typical of psoriatic arthritis
Slide 41 - Asymmetric sacroiliitis with left sided erosions and sclerosis
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Slide 43 - Ankylosing Spondylitis Changes begin at SI joints and lumbosacral junction, then typically move up the spine SI joints: Initially subchondral sclerosis Then, small erosions cause “pseudowidening” of the SI joints Erosions occur first at iliac side, which has thinner cartilage Remember that the synovial part of the SI joint is the anterior, inferior portion Reactive sclerosis with eventual fusion
Slide 44 - Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Early changes include squaring of the anterior vertebral body Enthesitis (whiskering) and sclerosis (shiny corners) where Sharpey’s fibres mineralize Progressive mineralization of Sharpey’s fibres to form osseous bridging syndesmophytes Ossification of the interspinous ligaments Most commonly involved peripheral joint is the hip
Slide 45 - Erosions and sclerosis on iliac side Bilateral sacroiliitis with erosions, bony sclerosis and joint width abnormalities Bilateral sacroiliitis, definite erosions, severe juxta-articular bony sclerosis and blurring of the joint
Slide 46 - Advanced AS Fused sacroiliac joints Ankylosis of the lower lumbar spine (bamboo spine)
Slide 47 - Cervical spine in AS Shiny corners Squaring of the vertebral bodies Syndesmophytes
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Slide 50 - Gout Erosions and masses, especially in the peripheral joints Masses may be dense, due to crystals or associated calcification Erosions are juxtaarticular from adjacent soft tissue tophi or intraosseous crystal deposition Appear rounded with a well circumscribed sclerotic margin Deformity occurs early Olecranon and prepatellar bursitis may calcify
Slide 51 - Gouty changes in the big toe Erosions due to tophi
Slide 52 - Olecranon bursitis with erosions due to gout
Slide 53 - Large, destructive tophus of first MTP
Slide 54 - Pseudogout (CPPD) Usually manifests as OA in an unusual distribution Prominant osteophytes Soft-tissue calcification in the joint capsule, synovium, bursa, tendons, ligaments, periarticular soft tissues Chondrocalcinosis (cartilage calcification) Linear and regular deposits in articular cartilage, coarse deposits in fibrocartilage No erosions Subchondral cysts are prominant No periosteal reaction or new bone formation
Slide 55 - Chondrocalcinosis
Slide 56 - Calcifications at the MCPs
Slide 57 - Multiple cysts Chondrocalcinosis of the triangular ligament
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Slide 59 - Summary Knowing the typical radiographic features of the various rheumatic diseases is important Can help you pare down your list of differentials Always a good idea to look at images yourself Often imaging is done with preconceived notions “No fractures” Ask specifically for evidence of inflammatory arthritis if that is what you suspect