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Child Abuse PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1 - Child Abuse Jan Bazner-Chandler RN, MSN, CNS, CPNP
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Slide 3 - What is Abuse? Abuse is mental, emotional, physical or sexual injury to a child or failure to prevent such injury to a child.
Slide 4 - Four Types of Child Abuse physical abuse sexual abuse emotional abuse neglect
Slide 5 - Physical Abuse Physical abuse, which is 19% of all substantiated cases of child abuse, is the most visible form of abuse and may be defined as any act which results in a non-accidental trauma or physical injury. Inflicted physical injury most often represents unreasonable, severe corporal punishment or unjustifiable punishment.
Slide 6 - Physical Indicators unexplained bruises (in various stages of healing) welts, human bite marks, bald spots unexplained burns, especially cigarette burns or immersion burns unexplained fractures, lacerations or abrasions swollen areas evidence of delayed or inappropriate treatment for injuries
Slide 7 - Behavioral Indicators self destructive withdrawn and/or aggressive - behavioral extremes arrives at school early or stays late as if afraid to be at home chronic runaway (adolescent) complains of soreness or moves uncomfortably wears clothing inappropriate to weather, to cover body bizarre explanation of injuries
Slide 8 - What is neglect? Neglect includes: Failure to provide a child with food, clothing, shelter, medical care. Leaving a child in a situation where the child is at risk of harm.
Slide 9 - Child Neglect Neglect is a pattern of failing to provide for a child's basic needs, to the extent that the child’s physical and/or psychological well-being are damaged or endangered. In child neglect, the parents or caregivers are simply choosing not to do their job.
Slide 10 - There are three basic types of neglect. Physical Educational Emotional
Slide 11 - Physical Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, or hygiene. Reckless disregard for the child’s safety, such as inattention to hazards in the home, drunk driving with kids in the car, leaving a baby unattended. Refusal to provide or delay in providing necessary health care for the child. Abandoning children without providing for their care or expelling children from the home without arranging for their care.
Slide 12 - Educational Failure to enroll a child in school Permitting or causing a child to miss too many days of school Refusal to follow up on obtaining services for a child’s special educational needs
Slide 13 - Emotional Inadequate nurturing or affection Exposure of the child to spousal abuse Permitting a child to drink alcohol or use recreational drugs Failure to intervene when the child demonstrates antisocial behavior Refusal of or delay in providing necessary psychological care
Slide 14 - Signs of Neglect Clothes that are dirty, ill-fitting, ragged, and/or not suitable for the weather Unwashed appearance; offensive body odor Indicators of hunger: asking for or stealing food, going through trash for food, eating too fast or too much when food is provided for a group Apparent lack of supervision: wandering alone, home alone, left in a car Colds, fevers, or rashes left untreated; infected cuts; chronic tiredness In schoolchildren, frequent absence or lateness; troublesome, disruptive behavior or its opposite, withdrawal In babies, failure to thrive; failure to relate to other people or to surroundings
Slide 15 - Sexual Abuse Behavior involving penetration – vaginal or anal intercourse and oral sex Fondling – Touching or kissing a child's genitals, making a child fondle an adult's genitals. Violations of privacy – Forcing a child to undress, spying on a child in the bathroom or bedroom. Exposing children to adult sexuality – Performing sexual acts in front of a child, exposing genitals, telling "dirty" stories, showing pornography to a child. Exploitation – Selling a child’s services as a prostitute or a performer in pornography.
Slide 16 - Signs of Sexual Abuse Inappropriate interest in or knowledge of sexual acts Seductive behavior Reluctance or refusal to undress in front of others Extra aggression or, at the other end of the spectrum, extra compliance Fear of a particular person or family member
Slide 17 - Emotional Abuse Verbal Abuse Withholding Affection Extreme Punishment Corruption
Slide 18 - Verbal Abuse Belittling or shaming the child: name-calling, making negative comparisons to others, telling the child he or she is “no good," "worthless," "a mistake." Habitual blaming: telling the child that everything is his or her fault.
Slide 19 - Withholding Affection Ignoring or disregarding the child Lack of affection and warmth: Failure to hug, praise, express love for the child
Slide 20 - Extreme Punishment These are actions that are meant to isolate and terrorize a child, such as tying the child to a fixture or piece of furniture or locking a child in a closet or dark room.
Slide 21 - Corruption This involves causing a child to witness or participate in inappropriate behavior, such as criminal activities, drug or alcohol abuse, or acts of violence.
Slide 22 - Causes of Child Abuse Stress, including the stress of caring for children, or the stress of caring for a child with a disability, special needs, or difficult behaviors Lack of nurturing qualities necessary for child care Immaturity: a disproportionate number of parents who abuse their children are teenagers Difficulty controlling anger Personal history of being abused Isolation from the family or community Physical or mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety Alcohol or drug abuse Personal problems such as marital conflict, unemployment, or financial difficulties.
Slide 23 - Reporting Child Abuse California Website: http://www.dss.cahwnet.gov/cdssweb/PG20.htm
Slide 24 - BRN – Registered Nurse Under California law each person licensed by the Board of Registered Nursing is a “Mandated Reporter” for child abuse or neglect purposes. Prior to commencing his or her employment, and as a prerequisite to that employment, all mandated reporters must sign a statement on a form provided to him or her by his or her employer to the effect that he or she has knowledge of the provisions of Section 11166 and will comply with those provisions.
Slide 25 - Physical Abuse
Slide 26 - Soft Tissue Injuries Bruises on face, lips, mouth, torso, back, buttocks, thighs Especially in various stages of healing Degree of bruising is greater than expected for the activity level of the child.
Slide 27 - Bruises
Slide 28 - Abnormal Bruising Patterns
Slide 29 - Abdominal Trauma
Slide 30 - Massive Bruising
Slide 31 - Broken Teeth
Slide 32 - Mouth Trauma
Slide 33 - Scald Burns
Slide 34 - Eye Trauma
Slide 35 - Retinal Hemorrhage
Slide 36 - Retinal Hemorrhage A four-month-old Caucasian male who presented to the ER with a history of respiratory problems. Physical examination revealed multiple bruises, bilateral and frontal subdural hematomas by CT, and diffuse retinal hemorrhages and retinal folds on ophthalmic exam. Subsequently, the dad was charged with abuse. One month later after a prolonged stay in ICU he developed a seizure disorder and severe developmental delay. His retinal hemorrhages have not yet completely resolved.
Slide 37 - Case Study #1 2 month old baby girl brought into the local ER with scalp swelling. History: infant rolled off a sofa onto a carpeted floor.
Slide 38 - Skull x-ray – multiple “egg shell” fractures
Slide 39 - Case Study #2 7-month old baby is brought to the ER by mother, who came home from work and found him seizing.
Slide 40 - CT scan of skull
Slide 41 - CT Findings Darker grey area in the right cerebrum indicates edema. Subdural hematoma – blood collection between the two cerebral hemispheres. Conclusion: Shaking is the typical cause of inter-hemispheric subdural hematomas.
Slide 42 - Case #3 1-year-old brought in by ambulance comatose.
Slide 43 - CT of Brain
Slide 44 - CT Findings Diffuse cerebral edema indicative of severe anoxic brain injury with resultant swelling. Small area of bleeding notes. Conclusion: Child was violently shaken, causing severe brain injury as evidenced by diffuse cerebral edema.
Slide 45 - Case Study #3 4 month old with cough, chest x-ray request for “rule out pneumonia”.
Slide 46 - Chest X-ray
Slide 47 - Chest X-ray Findings Posterior rib fracture of the 7th rib. This fracture is less than 14 days old as there is no visible callus. Rib fracture is unrelated to child’s presenting complaint. Conclusion: Rib fractures a common injuries in the young (less than 2 years). Typically, is part of violent shaking. Child is held very tightly around the chest and squeezed while shaking.
Slide 48 - Case Study #4 3 ½ year old presents with 4 day history of persistent vomiting after eating and abdominal pain.
Slide 49 - Upper GI Series
Slide 50 - Upper GI Findings Duodenal hematoma (blood collection) in the wall of the bowel. Conclusion: This injury is almost always caused by direct trauma (assault, bicycle handlebar injury). Common injury in abuse and is typically seen in older children who are punched or kicked in the abdomen.
Slide 51 - Case Study #5 6 week old presents with sudden swelling of leg with no apparent trauma.
Slide 52 - X-ray of Femur
Slide 53 - Questions Is it developmentally possible for a six-week old to fracture a femur? Upon questioning the parents they report an incident when the infant was bumped against a door while carrying him in a padded infant carrier. The parents tell you it could not have been hard enough to cause a fracture.
Slide 54 - Family History Father: 4 fractures 2 of which occurred with minor trauma. Paternal grandfather: 4 fractures from just “playing around”. Mother: scoliosis 2 aunts: scoliosis
Slide 55 - What is the diagnosis? Osteogenesis imperfecta. Occult types tend to be autosomal dominant Family history positive for fractures
Slide 56 - Does the injury match the history? In four of the case studies the presenting history did not match the physical / x-ray findings. In case study #5 a good family history provided a history of hereditary condition that can cause fractures.
Slide 57 - Shaken Baby Syndrome Prevention Act H.R. 2052 Would enhance Federal efforts focused on public awareness and education about the risks and dangers associated with Shaken Baby Syndrome.
Slide 58 - Mandated Reporter California’s Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act: Reporting Rules for Health Care Providers. http://www.teenhealthrights.org/child_abuse_reporting/
Slide 59 - Child Abuse Reports
Slide 60 - When are you required to submit an abuse report? “A mandated reporter shall make a report…whenever the mandated reporter, in his or her professional capacity or within the scope of his or her employment, has knowledge of or observes a child who the mandated reported knows or reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse or neglect.” Cal. Penal Code 11166(a).
Slide 61 - What if I am not sure that abuse has occurred? Confirmation of abuse is not required. Reporters must report whenever they have “reasonable suspicion” that abuse has occurred.
Slide 62 - Reasonable Suspicion “Reasonable suspicion” means “that it is objectively reasonable for a person to entertain a suspicion, based upon facts that could cause a reasonable person in a like position, drawing, when appropriate, on his or her training and expertise, to suspect child abuse or neglect.” Cal. Penal Code 11166(a)
Slide 63 - Board of Registered Nursing A BSN prepared nurse may apply for public health certification based on the fact the he / she has had content related to: Domestic Abuse Child Abuse Geriatric Abuse
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