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Slide 1 - Appropriate Technology Engr 10 Introduction to Engineering Prepared by Pat Backer, 3/19/08
Slide 2 - Tech Adoption Worldwide For the past 3 years, China has been the world’s largest importer of ICT In India, 50% of all urban dwellers have mobile or fixed telephones; however, only 6% of rural Indians have phones
Slide 3 - Tech Diffusion Technology is spreading to emerging markets faster than ever before The technology lag is decreasing New technologies are entering developing countries and “leapfrogging” over older technologies (i.e., cell phones)
Slide 4 - Rates of Tech Diffusion Tech diffusion is lowest in Latin American countries Less than 2% of the business workforce in Chile and Brazil are in ICT, Why? Inward-looking economic policies Import restrictions on technology Problems in the educational systems Less money is spent on R&D: Developed countries spend 2.3% GDP on R&D, East Asian, 1.4%. But, Latin America spends only 0.6%
Slide 5 - What is appropriate technology? Appropriate technology has been used to cover a wide range of both technologies and lifestyles including sustainable living, alternative fuels, and ethical technology transfers. A technology is considered appropriate if it solves a social problem without many adverse negative effects. Every new technology has consequences for society. A technology is appropriate when its intended positive consequences outweigh its unintended negative consequences
Slide 6 - How do we evaluate appropriateness? There are three ways of evaluating appropriateness: technical, cultural, and economic. Technical--considering the technical knowledge and background of the people who will be using this technology. Cultural—the relationship of the technology to the critical social systems in the society including family systems, religious beliefs, division of labor in a society, and levels of education and training. Economic--a technology's effect on income levels and income distribution in a society and income disparity between different socio-economic groups.
Slide 7 - Factors for the assessment of an appropriate technology Various factors for assessment of appropriateness would include the following1: What is the need? Is there an adequate business environment in place for this technology? What is the best technical option for the transfer? (Some issues include the requirements for operating the technology, repair facilities for the technology, scope of the technology) What are the possible unintended negative effects of the technology? What are the broader cultural, political and/or social effects of the technology? Everts, S. (1998). Gender and technology. Empowering women, engendering development. New York: Zed Books, p 34.
Slide 8 - Examples of appropriate technologies Renewable Energy Smart Growth Green Buildings Please click on the topic above to read more about each of these appropriate technologies
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Slide 10 - Renewable Energy Renewable energy industries produce energy using resources such as sunlight, wind, water current, and organic waste Renewable sources of energy are diffuse (spread thin) and intermittent. One example of the diffuseness feature is that a 1000‑megawatt solar farm might occupy about 5000 acres of land, while a nuclear power station with the same generating capacity only requires around 150 acres.
Slide 11 - Examples of Renewable Energy--Biomass Many developing countries depend on wood and agricultural waste for energy. Almost half of India's and nearly 90 percent of total energy consumption in several small countries in Africa is provided by wood. Sweden has increased its use of biomass dramatically in the last ten years and presently uses fast-growing willow trees and other organics to supply 20 percent of its total energy supply.
Slide 12 - Examples of Renewable Energy--Hydropower Modern large hydropower plants are very expensive to build; however, hydropower is not distributed equally around the world. In the US, about 10 percent of the total electricity is generated from hydropower. It has dropped since the 1940s when 40 percent of the electricity in the US was hydropower. Disruption of the environment is the major reason why there are fewer hydropower plants being built today. Top Hydroelectric Generating Countries. Source: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy.
Slide 13 - Examples of Renewable Energy--Geothermal Energy The Philippines has the highest percentage of power generated from geothermal sources; 22 percent of its electricity is generated with geothermal steam. The percentage of geothermal is high (at least 10-20 percent of the total) in four other countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Kenya, and Nicaragua. Central America, parts of Southeast Asia, and the western United States have the greatest potential for major reliance on geothermal energy. Promising sites also exist in parts of southern Europe and East Africa.
Slide 14 - Examples of Renewable Energy--Wind Experts in the field of alternative energy feel wind energy is the most auspicious (favorable) of the renewables. Windmills mechanically turn turbines without an intermediate stage of heating water. In the early 1980s, more than 8000 wind machines were installed in California. One of the largest wind farms is presently found in the rolling, windswept hills of the Altamont Pass, east of San Francisco. Attempts to reap economies of scale by building larger windmills capable of generating more than one megawatt of power have been suppressed by technical problems. Capital costs have remained prohibitive. Click on graph to see an enlarged view
Slide 15 - Examples of Renewable Energy—The Ocean Three methods for extracting energy from the sea have been reviewed seriously: wave power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and tidal power. Wave Power aims to harness the motion of the waves using a variety of devices. Ocean thermal energy conversion seeks to exploit the temperature differences between the warm surface layer and the colder deep waters of the world's oceans. Tidal power is similar to hydroelectric power in the sense it is severely restricted by geography. It requires long, tapering bays that drive the tide into a large bore as it moves along the channel. The incoming tide can then be trapped behind a barrier of some sort and ultimately used to drive turbines on its way out again.
Slide 16 - Examples of Renewable Energy-- Photovoltaic Cells Semi‑conductors have the unique property of being able to turn sunlight directly into electric current. This application is surfacing in a variety of items such as solar‑powered calculators, refrigerators, and satellites. According to some energy forecasters, solar cells installed on rooftops may allow for a much greater decentralization of electricity than other technologies. A conference room covered in photovoltaic cells at the Bewag power plant in Berlin. © Wolfgang Hoffmann http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/2003/feb03/energy.htm
Slide 17 - Examples of Renewable Energy--Thermal Solar Power Solar thermal power technologies and solar ponds are projected to have competitive generating costs by the end of the century. The capital cost for expensive items like polished mirrors to track the path of the sun is presently exorbitant. http://www.sandiego.edu/weather/images/N/solar_thermal_power_plant.jpg Click on diagram to see enlarged picture
Slide 18 - Solar Two Example: Solar Two—the solar energy was collected through a field of individually guided mirrors, called heliostats. The sunlight heats salt to 1,050 degrees Fahrenheit, which turns the salt into a liquid (or molten salt). The liquid and hot salt was then piped away, stored, and used to power a steam turbine.
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Slide 20 - Smart Growth Smart growth is development that accommodates the needs of a community without sacrificing the environment. Smart growth aims to balance development and environmental protection by creating new developments that are: centered more in the towns and cities include alternative transit options (trains, bike paths, and safe walkways) have mixed use development. Mixed use development moves away from the post-WWII ideal of single-home-only suburbs to a model that includes housing, commercial, and retail space in the same development.
Slide 21 - Types of Smart Growth Smart growth means that less land can accommodate new development: this development is sometimes called compact development. There are three common techniques to achieve compact development: infill development, brownfields redevelopment, and cluster development.
Slide 22 - Infill development Infill development is development that attempts to add additional housing or business facilities inside an existing development. This way, a city can fill up unused space in a particular area. An example of a recent mixed use development is the Paseo Colorado complex in Pasadena, California. The new complex was built in center of town and includes a two-level shopping center with four stories of apartments above the shopping areas.
Slide 23 - Cluster development Cluster development allows for similar dwellings as does “regular” developments; however, the individual lot sizes are reduced and room is left for open spaces in the development
Slide 24 - Brownfields redevelopment Brownfields redevelopment is development that targets the empty factories inside the city and develops them into new living and/or retail space. One of these former DelMonte canneries, Plant 51, is the site of a brownfield development to convert the cannery into lofts.
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Slide 26 - Green Buildings Buildings are a major source of air pollution in the US. According to the US Department of Energy Buildings emit 52 percent of all sulfur dioxide 19 percent of all nitrous oxide 38 percent of carbon dioxide 5 percent of particulate emissions Considering the number of homes and businesses in the US—over 76 million residential and 5 million commercial buildings at last count—this problem is considerable.
Slide 27 - Techniques used in Green Construction Designing energy efficient buildings. Energy efficiency is the most important factor in green construction. The Solectrogen House is an off-grid PV-powered residence in Nicasio, CA. It was designed to use active and passive solar energy, serve as a live-in laboratory for energy conservation and alternative energy products, and be a comfortable, traditionally attractive home with all the conveniences of modern living. Source: http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/04479.jpg
Slide 28 - Techniques used in Green Construction Reducing material use in construction. Smaller is better for the environment; using less materials is always preferable from an environmental point of view. However, the trend today is for houses to get larger and larger. Using low-impact materials during construction. Many construction and building materials contain toxins. Many types of carpeting, for example, emit gases as they age. Research has found, particularly in houses that are tightly sealed, that their exposures to dangerous chemicals and pesticides is much higher inside the house rather than outside the house.
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Slide 30 - Sustainable Agriculture Sustainability is built upon three broad goals: farm profitability, improvement of the environment, and increased quality of life for farmers and their communities.
Slide 31 - Practices used in sustainable agriculture Integrated pest management (IPM) is a system for managing pests to keep them at levels where they cause minimal damage to crops. Conservation tillage--any plowing system that leaves at least 30 percent of the soil surface covered with residue from the year’s plantings. This is done so that there will be enough soil coverage to decrease soil erosion. Rows of soybean plants emerge from a field covered with old corn stalks from the previous harvest. These soybeans were planted in narrower (15-inch) rows because as they mature their big leaves will quickly shade the ground, making it harder for the sun to warm weed seeds that may lie between the rows. This natural canopy from the growing soybean plants can help farmers reduce the need for herbicides (weed killers). (CTIC/Towery photo)  Source: http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/CT/images/cornsoytt.jpg [2002, February 4].
Slide 32 - Practices used in sustainable agriculture Enhanced nutrient management includes testing of the soil before using any fertilizer. The goal of nutrient management is to minimize unused nutrients. Precision agriculture is the newest and the most technology-intensive technique in sustainable agriculture. Precision agriculture uses information technologies including global positioning systems (GPS) and remote sensing to achieve optimal farming outputs.
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Slide 34 - Click on graph to return to presentation
Slide 35 - Click on diagram to return to presentation