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Slide 1 - OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM Medical Biochemistry, Lecture 30
Slide 2 - Lecture 30, Outline Review metabolic fates of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids/fats   Discuss ATP and its role in metabolism Harper’s Ch 17 primary source material Chapters 15 and 16, supplemental and review sources
Slide 3 - Two-Way Street: Medicine and Biochemistry
Slide 4 - Metabolic Homeostasis
Slide 5 - Figure 17-1 Types of Metabolic Pathways Catabolic Pathways produce free energy compounds Anabolic Pathways utilize these compounds
Slide 6 - Figure 17-2 Overview of Dietary Catabolism
Slide 7 - Carbohydrate Metabolism: Fate of Glucose 1. Glycolysis (enzymatic breakdown and interconversions of carbon atoms derived from glucose) ultimately yields ATP and CO2 2. Converted to glycogen, a storage polymer of potential metabolic energy 3. Generates reducing equivalents (H+) for fatty acid synthesis and ribose for nucleotide synthesis (via the pentose phosphate pathway) 4. Triose phosphate can be metabolized to the glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols (fat) 5. Pyruvate (and other metabolites) can provide the carbon skeletons for some amino acids; acetyl CoA necessary for long chain fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
Slide 8 - Figure 17-3 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Slide 9 - Lipid Metabolism: Caloric Storage and Oxidation 1. Esterified and stored as triglycerides 2. b-Oxidation of fatty acids generates energy and leads to acetyl-CoA (which enters the citric acid cycle)  3. Carbon source for cholesterol and other steroids 4. Can form ketone bodies in the liver (alternative water-soluble energy sources during starvation conditions)
Slide 10 - Figure 17-4 Lipid Metabolism
Slide 11 - Amino Acid Metabolism: Essential and Non-Essential 1. All amino acids can be provided by diet, but some must be specifically supplied since we do not possess biosynthetic enzymes to make them (essential amino acids) 2. Non-essential amino acids can be interconverted to other metabolic products via transamination and deamination reactions.
Slide 12 - Figure 17-5 Amino Acid Metabolism
Slide 13 - Hepatic Portal Vein and Metabolite Absorption Water-soluble metabolites like glucose (resulting from digestion of dietary carbohydrates) and amino acids (from protein digestion) are directed from the small intestine to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
Slide 14 - Figure 17-6 Transport of Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolites
Slide 15 - Figure 17-7 Transport of Lipid Metabolites
Slide 16 - Figure 17-8 Overview of Metabolic Pathways in a Liver Cell
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Slide 18 - Figure 17-9 Mechanisms of Metabolic Enzyme Control: 1. Alteration of membrane permeability 2. Conversion of inactive to active enzyme (by phosphorylation,activators, proteases) 3. Alter rate of translation 4. Induce new mRNA 5. Repress mRNA Steps 1 and 2 are rapid effector mechanisms; 3,4,5 are slower
Slide 19 - Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP
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Slide 21 - High Energy Bond Use in Cells 1. Glucose conversion to intermediates with high energy phosphates 2. ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation 3. End-product of many pathways, Acetyl-CoA, contains a high-energy thioester 4. Transfer of phosphate to make other compounds 5. Energy of hydrolysis of ATP activates membrane transport processes 6. ATP hydrolysis energy converted to movement or force
Slide 22 - Electron Accepting Co-Enzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Slide 23 - Mitochondrial Fuel Metabolism