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Development PowerPoint Presentation

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Development Presentation Transcript

Slide 1 - Aim: What happens after fertilization? Do Now: Describe the process of fertilization. A sperm enters an ovum, and the nuclei combine to form one with 46 chromosomes.
Slide 2 - Fertilization: Four Major Steps Sperm contacts the egg Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg Egg becomes activated and developmental changes begin Sperm and egg nuclei fuse
Slide 3 - Words to know… Fuse- to physically join together Ovum – egg cell (female gamete) Cleavage – process of cell division during development Differentiation – the process of forming different kinds of cells from similar cells of the early embryo Embryo – an organism in an early stage of development Morula – solid ball of cells formed from cleavage Blastula – hollow ball of cells formed from cleavage Gastrula – a hollow ball of cells with an “in pushing” and 3 layers (germ layers)
Slide 4 - Fertilization
Slide 5 - The Nuclei Fuse Together
Slide 6 - What happens now? Development of the zygote, the study of which is known as embryology or developmental biology. The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions called cleavage. The stages of development are: Fertilized ovum (zygote)  2-cell stage  4-cell stage  8-cell stage  Morula  Blastula  Early Gastrula  Late Gastrula
Slide 7 - Cleavage (divide via mitosis) forms the 2 cell stage
Slide 8 - They split again to form the 4 cell stage
Slide 9 - And again to form the 8 cell stage…
Slide 10 - And eventually form a Morula
Slide 11 - Next it becomes a blastula
Slide 12 - And next, a gastrula
Slide 13 - The Regents Diagram… Sperm and ovum Zygote (fertilized ovum) 2-cell stage 4-cell stage Morula Blastula Gastrula
Slide 14 - Aim: What happens after cleavage begins? Do now: How does a single celled zygote become a gastrula?
Slide 15 - Differentiation (Organogenesis) Organogenesis is the formation of the organs (Organo = organs, genesis = creation) Arises from the layering of cells that occurs during gastrula stage The layers are germ layers; they have specific fates in the developing embryo: Endoderm The innermost layer Goes on to form the gut Mesoderm In the middle Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system, blood and many different organs Ectoderm The outermost Goes on to form the skin and nervous system
Slide 16 - Late Gastrula Mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm
Slide 17 - Differentiation of Primary Germ Layers (from the gastrula)
Slide 18 - Early Human Development Summary Meiosis makes sperm in males and ovum in females Sperm and ovum unite nuclei to form a zygote Zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes gastrula with 3 germ layers
Slide 19 - Embryonic Membranes Protect and nourish the embryo There are four embryonic membranes Develop from the germ layers, but are not part of the embryo and are lost at birth The chorion and amnion enclose the embryo The chorion surrounds the entire embryo The amnion encloses the embryo and forms an open volume between the embryo & the amnion called the amniotic cavity The amniotic cavity fills with amniotic fluid, which envelops the embryo and cushions it The amniotic fluid can be sampled to test for developmental abnormalities The allantois is an outgrowth of the gut In reptiles and birds, it stores nitrogenous wastes The yolk sac encloses the yolk in vertebrates with yolk-rich eggs In humans, there is no yolk sac, but the yolk aids in formation of red blood cells
Slide 20 - Extraembryonic Membranes
Slide 21 - Human Prenatal Development Gestation lasts 266 days from fertilization to birth Development begins in the oviduct About 24 hours after fertilization, the zygote has divided to form a 2-celled embryo The embryo passes down the oviduct by cilia and peristalsis The zona pellucida has dissolved by the 5th day, when the embryo enters the uterus The embryo floats free for several days, nourished by fluids from glands in the uterine wall At this point, it is called a blastocyst
Slide 22 - Implantation The embryo implants in the wall of the uterus on about the 7th day of development
Slide 23 - 12-day Human Embryo
Slide 24 - Where does this all take place?
Slide 25 - The Placenta The placenta is the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange Secretes hormones that maintain pregnancy Trophoblast cells release human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which signals the corpus luteum to enlarge and produce progesterone The placenta develops from the embryonic chorion and maternal uterine tissue Chorionic villi are formed from the chorion, and project into the endometrium of the uterus The umbilical cord, containing two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein connects the embryo and the placenta
Slide 26 - Development of the Placenta
Slide 27 - Human Fetus at Ten Weeks
Slide 28 - This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.