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Project: Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative
Document Title: Skin Infections
Author(s): Katherine Perry (University of Michigan), RN BSN 2012
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Make Your Own Assessment
Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Public Domain – Ineligible: Works that are ineligible for copyright protection in the U.S. (17 USC § 102(b)) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Fair Use: Use of works that is determined to be Fair consistent with the U.S. Copyright Act. (17 USC § 107) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ
Our determination DOES NOT mean that all uses of this 3rd-party content are Fair Uses and we DO NOT guarantee that your use of the content is Fair.
To use this content you should do your own independent analysis to determine whether or not your use will be Fair. { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. } { Content Open.Michigan has used under a Fair Use determination. } 2 Lice Lice are parasitic insects that can be found on people's heads, and bodies
Human lice survive by feeding on human blood
Lice found on each area of the body are different from each other. The three types of lice that live on humans are:
Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse)
Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse, clothes louse) and
Pthirus pubis ("crab" louse, pubic louse) 3 Lice Lice infestations (pediculosis and pthiriasis) are spread most commonly by close person-to-person contact
Found mainly in children who go to school, especially just after the holidays
Are found in both clean and dirty hair
Feed on human blood
Do not always cause itching
Cannot be killed by regular shampoos but can be eliminated by using special head lice medication
Do not transmit diseases
Do not live on pets
4 Symptoms Itching is hallmark symptom caused by allergic reaction
Lice bite the skin and feed on person’s skin which leads to allergic reaction and itching 5 Head Lice Head lice and their eggs (nits) can be seen on hair, nape of the neck and behind ears
They can vary in color from white to brown to dark grey
Eggs are tiny round or oval that are tightly attached to the hair near scalp 6 Head Lice Wellcome Images, Wellcome Images 7 Pubic Lice Itching around the genitals as well as the anus, armpits, eyelashes, and other body areas with hair
Pubic lice bites may cause small, flat, blue-gray marks (maculae cerulea) that look like bruises on torso, thighs or upper arm
Pubic lice that infect eyelashes & eyelids may cause irritation and crusting in those areas
Pubic lice tends to spread by sexual contact 8 Kauczuk, Wikimedia Commons 9 Body Lice Itchy sores usually develop in the armpits, around the waist, and along the trunk where seams of clothes press against the skin
The lice and eggs are generally not seen on the skin but may be found in the seams of the person's clothing. 10 Treatment Check for live lice and nits
Work in strong light and section the hair. Use a fine-tooth comb (a pet flea comb works well) to find the insects and to comb them out if possible; or remove them using tweezers
Adult lice are reddish-brown; nits are white or clear and adhere to the hair shaft. They do not jump or fly
Medicated shampoo, cream rinse, or lotion to kill the lice
11 Treatment Medicated lice treatments usually kill the lice and nits, but it may take a few days for the itching to stop. For very resistant lice, an oral medication might be prescribed.
Follow the directions exactly because these products are insecticides
Applying too much medication — or using it too frequently — can increase the risk of causing harm. Follow the directions on the product label to ensure that the treatment works properly. 12 Treatment Treatment may be unsuccessful if the medication is not used correctly or if the lice are resistant to it
After treatment, your doctor may suggest combing out the nits with a fine-tooth comb and also may recommend repeating treatment in 7 to 10 days to kill any newly hatched nits.
Priwo, Wikimedia Commons 13 Treatment Check everyone in the household. Lice are very contagious
Wash all bedding, recently used towels and recently worn clothing in hot water, and dry them in a hot dryer
Soak all combs and brushes in hot water for at least 10 minutes
Treat eyelashes and eyebrows with a thick layer of petroleum jelly. Apply twice a day for 8 days. Never use any chemical treatment on eyelashes or eyebrows
14 Scabies Easily spread skin disease caused by a very small species of mite Kalumet, Wikimedia Commons 15 Scabies Eight-legged mite causes scabies in humans is microscopic
The female mite burrows just beneath your skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs
Eggs mature in 21 days, and the new mites work their way to the surface of your skin, where they mature and can spread to other areas of your skin or to the skin of other people
Close physical contact and, less often, sharing clothing or bedding with an infected person can spread the mites.
Dogs, cats and humans all are affected by their own distinct species of mite. Each species of mite prefers one specific type of host and doesn't live long away from that preferred host. 16 Scabies Symptoms Mites that cause scabies burrow into the skin and deposit their eggs, forming a burrow that looks like a pencil mark
Eggs mature in 21 days
Itching, Rashes, Sores (abrasions) on the skin from scratching and digging
Thin, pencil-mark lines on the skin
Mites may be more widespread on a baby's skin, causing pimples over the trunk, or small blisters over palms or soles
In young children, the head, neck, shoulders, palms, and soles are involved.
In older children and adults, the hands, wrists, genitals, and abdomen are involved.
17 Complications of Scabies A more severe form of scabies, called crusted scabies, may affect certain high-risk groups, including:
People with chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV or chronic leukemia
People who are very ill, such as people in hospitals or nursing facilities
Crusted scabies tends to be crusty and scaly, and covers large areas of the body. It's very contagious and can be hard to treat 18 Scabies Diagnosis The microscopic examination can determine the presence of mites or their eggs
Michael Geary, Wikimedia Commons 19 Treatment Permethrin 5 percent (Elimite) - twice, with a week or so between each application. Permethrin is generally considered safe for children and adults of all ages, including women who are pregnant or nursing.
Lindane - usually applied in two treatments, spaced about a week apart. This medication isn't safe for children younger than age 2 years, women who are pregnant or nursing, or people with weakened immune systems.
Crotamiton (Eurax) - nonchemical medication is applied once a day for two to five days
Although these medications kill the mites promptly, you may find that the itching doesn't stop entirely for several weeks 20 Isolation Precautions Contact precautions with protective garments (e.g. gowns, disposable gloves, etc.) when providing care to any patient with crusted scabies until successfully treated
Wash hands thoroughly after providing care to any patient
Isolate patients with crusted scabies from other patients who do not have crusted scabies; consider assigning a cohort of caretakers to care only for patients with crusted scabies
Maintain contact precautions until skin scrapings from a patient with crusted scabies are negative
Patients with crusted scabies generally must be treated at least twice, a week apart; oral Ivermectin may be necessary for successful treatment.
Limit visitors for patients with crusted scabies; visitors should use the same contact precautions and protective clothing as staff. 21 Home Treatment Cool and soak your skin. Soaking in cool water or applying a cool, wet washcloth to irritated areas of your skin may minimize itching.
Apply soothing lotion. Calamine lotion, available without a prescription, can effectively relieve the pain and itching of minor skin irritations.
Take antihistamines. At your doctor's suggestion, you may find that over-the-counter antihistamines relieve the allergic symptoms caused by scabies. 22 Prevention Clean all clothes and linen. Use hot, soapy water to wash all clothing, towels and bedding you used at least three days before treatment. Dry with high heat.
Starve the mites. Consider placing items you can't wash in a sealed plastic bag and leaving it in an out-of-the-way place, such as in your garage, for a couple of weeks. Mites die if they don't eat for a week
23 Myiasis Invasion of tissues by fly larvae, eggs hatch, burrow into skin
Furuncle with maggots in the center
Cochliomyia hominivorax (Screw worm) MC cause wound myiasis in USA
Phormia regina (Black Blowfly, USA)
Dermatobia hominis (botfly, New World)
Cordylobia anthropophaga (Tumbu Fly, Africa)
24 Myiasis Hrysomya bezziana is found in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. The life cycle and biologic activity of C. bezziana is similar to that of C. hominivorax
These larvae burrow deeper into host tissue, only the black tail ends are seen. C. bezziana infests wounds, areas of soft skin, and mucous membranes
Only presenting features of a nasal sinus infestation may be a swollen face associated with headaches, fever, burning nasal pain, and a nasal discharge 25 Myiasis Petruss, Wikimedia Commons 26 Myiasis Symptoms Infestation sites are exposed areas such as the extremities, back, and scalp
Within 24 hours, a papule resembling an insect bite will swell into a boil-like lesion ranging anywhere from 10-35 mm in diameter. Often, there is a small (2-3 mm diameter) pore at the center of the boil which allows the larvae to breathe
The patient may experience pain, and some have reported feeling the larvae moving around in the tissues. 27 Treating Myiasis Surgical removal with local anesthesia is usually the preferred approach
The skin lesion is locally anesthetized with lidocaine and excised surgically followed by primary wound closure
Alternatively, Lidocaine can be injected forcibly into the base of the lesion in an attempt to create enough fluid pressure to extrude the larvae out of the puncture
Treatments include petroleum jelly, liquid paraffin, beeswax or heavy oil, or lard or bacon strips placed over the central punctum and have been used to coax the larva to emerge spontaneously head-first over the course of several hours, at which time, tweezers (or forceps) aid in the capture.
28 Treating Myiasis Larvicides – Ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that may kill larvae, or cause them to migrate out of the skin
Apply topically or as an oral dose
Mineral turpentine can be effective against Chrysomya larvae and may aid their removal in cases of wound myiasis.
Ethanol spray and oil of betel leaf can be used topically to treat C. hominivorax myiasis 29 Nursing Interventions Notify the patient
Calm the patient and/or staff
Notify the nurse supervisor or nurse manager
Locate the policy or protocol to control myiasis
Use standard precautions, remove larvae (MD or NP)
Do NOT smoosh or smash
If entire larvae not visible apply petroleum jellyPlace larvae in specimen cup, label with patient name, date, time and send to lab immediately (within 24 hours)
30 Nursing Interventions Place larvae in specimen cup, label with patient name, date, time and send to lab immediately (within 24 hours)
Clean infected area with sterile saline or hydrogen peroxide
Document what was done
Broad spectrum Ivermectin is prescribed Journalist Seaman Erica Mater, Wikimedia Commons 31 Prevention Use window screens and mosquito netting, insect repellent and insecticides, adequate protective clothing, cover open wounds and change dressings daily
In the case of C. anthropophaga, hang clothes to dry in bright sunlight and/or iron them (the heat destroys both the eggs and larvae)
Improve hygiene and sanitation (e.g. remove rubbish from around living areas)
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