Learn Communication Skills PowerPoint Presentation

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The journey so far...

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Journey so far... Epistemology Science and philosophy of knowledge constructivism assimilation accomodation associationism Visualisation Mind Maps

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Journey so far... Bloom’s Taxonomy Learning Theories Behavourism Cognitivism Social Constructivism Learning Styles Bloom’s Taxonomy

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Last lecture... Learning Styles

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"Here you are in Slytherin,Where you'll make your real friends, Those cunning folk use any means To achieve their ends." "You might belong in Gryffindor, Where dwell the brave at heart, There daring, nerve, and chivalry Set Gryffindors apart” "Here in wise old Ravenclaw, If you've a ready mind, Those of wit and learning, Will always find their kind." "You belong in Hufflepuff,Where they are just and loyal,Those patient Hufflepuffs are true And unafraid to toil"

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Learning Styles Models Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator

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Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung (1875 – 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the Founder of analytical psychology, also known as “Jungian Psychology” EXPLORING THE SOUL A Challenge to Freud

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Jungian Learning Perception Sensor Intuitor Judgement Feeler Thinker

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Based on Carl Jung’s ideas Created during World War II to help women who were entering the industrial workforce Measured psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions http://www.myersbriggs.org

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Gregorc Learning Style Concrete Sequential Concrete Random Abstract Sequential Abstract Random

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Central to Learning Styles... Importance of the social aspect and communication in learning knowledge & meaning is contructed through inter-personal mechanisms (verbal and written )

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Communications Part 1

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Agenda Introduction Brief History of Communications Process of Communication Active Listening Non-Verbal Communication Lecture notes partially based on “Communication Skills” presentation by SoftLogic Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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Communications Introduction

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Why Communication? A communication problem within IT industry See a normal IT scenario...

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http://www.projectcartoon.com/ How Projects Really Work

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Decipering the cartoon? Break down and failure of communication!

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What is “communication”? Latin “communicare” - "to share, divide out; impart, inform; join, unite, participate in," lit. "to make common,“ A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior The act of communicating; transmission. The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. Interpersonal rapport. Communications (used with a sing. or pl. verb) The art and technique of using words effectively to impart information or ideas. The field of study concerned with the transmission of information by various means, such as print or broadcasting. Any of various professions involved with the transmission of information, such as advertising, broadcasting, or journalism. Something communicated; a message

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Brief History of Communications

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Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model Greek philosopher-teacher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric is one of the earliest definitions of communication “Rhetoric” is “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” (Rhetoric 1335b). Aristotle attempted to work out a theory of communication and language. http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

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Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model Logos the matter under discussion Pathos the reader's stake in that matter Ethos the claims of the author

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Aristotle’s Model of Communication Designed for public speaking/oration Speaker at the center of the communication process Speaker prepares a message for an intended audience Message is intended to have an effect- influence the audience Audience is seen to be passive and ready to be influenced by the speaker's message In other words, according to Aristotle a speaker sends a message to an audience and the audience is affected by the message received.

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Progress and development Little development in Communications theory during the intervening millenia Rapid progress in 20th Century espcially after World War II

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Laswell’s Model“Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect” Harold Dwight Lasswell (1902-1978) American political scientist and communications theorist World War II Chief of the Experimental Division for the Study of War Time Communications at the Library of Congress. Analysed Nazi propaganda films to identify mechanisms of persuasion used to secure the support of the German people for the war

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Laswell’s 5 Elements of Propaganda Propaganda entailed five key elements Lasswell assembled these elements into a model and then turned the model into a simple question: “Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?” (declassified in 1948) If you found the right answers to each of the five elements of the question, then you could create effective propaganda – unless, of course, too much “noise” – unplanned static or distortion during the communication process – resulted in the receiver receiving a different message than the sender sent.

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“...bring the boys home.” For example, it was discovered that “Help win the war” wasn’t the most effective slogan to use for selling war bonds. Appealed to men, but not women. This led to the development of a more effective slogan: “Help win the war and bring the boys home.”

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The Shannon-Weaver Model http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

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Schramm’s Model of Communication Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955 Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

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Schramm’s Model of Communication First stage – one way Emphasis on encoding process and source like that of Aristotle without any recognition for noise. It too was a one-way direction of communication flow. Second stage – two way Emphasis shifted to the shared domain of experience of sender and receiver. The sender has to take into consideration, according to this theory, the needs and abilities of the receiver, which he must be aware of due to shared experience, and thus the selects the right channel and at the same time encodes the message in the way that can be understood by the receiver. Here the communication process is understood to be a two-way flow. Third stage - feedback Feedback was thought to be an essential element of communication system. In this stage of Schramm's theory, the communication process encompasses sender, receiver, good channel, proper encoding, proper decoding, and feedback. The flow which ends with feedback starts immediately again to make a circular process.

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Berlo S-M-R-C Model http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels When one is attempting to convey an emotionally complex message, the Berlo Model may be the more appropriate choice. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/lsc/Faculty/Carson/508/03Website/Hayden/berlo.html

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Website design – Aristotle’s “Rhetorical” principles (part 1) Ethos - ethos, from which we get the word "ethical," has to do with reputation or character, in other words what other people think of us and whether they feel they can trust us. In terms of digital design, ethos or credibility is extremely important for you to keep in mind because online trust determines whether people feel your site and its message are credible. Digital ethos can be constructed by a number of factors, such as visual appeal, organized navigation, and rich information content. Yet the ancient Greek word ethos also had another basic meaning, that of habitual gathering place, and in some regards, online ethos can also be seen as whether a designer has constructed a site to which people can return again and again, or whether the site creates a sense of online community through user interactions. Logos - logos, from which we get the word "logical," concerns the logic and consistency of the message being communicated. In other words, does the content of your site make sense and is it written in a consistent tone or style? Consistency also becomes important in terms of overall site structure. A poorly organized site with visually confusing pages can undermine the concept of logos, which in turn can reduce the site's overall ethos. For Aristotle, all points of the rhetorical triangle were interrelated. Pathos - pathos, from which we get the words "pathetic" and "empathy," deals with the emotions, specifically those of the audience. In classical rhetorical theory, playing on an audience's emotions was seen as a primary vehicle of persuasion, but in more modern times, pathos has come to mean any rhetorical act that addresses audience expectations or information needs. In this regard, it is extremely important that you understand and analyze the audiences for your Web site, anticipating their informational and navigational needs at every click of your site. That is why Jakob Nielsen and his colleague stress using concise, scannable text in all Web documents -- because that's the way most Web users read. http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html Assignement

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Website design – Aristotle’s “Rhetorical” principles (part 2) In your first assignment for this class, due September 9th, you'll be asked to compose a rhetorical analysis of an organizational Web site. In this analysis, you should examine all three points of the rhetorical triangle and how well the designers have addressed these three elements in their site design. In other words, you'll be discussing how the designers constructed ethos, logos, and pathos. Audience Analysis Identification and analysis of your Web site's audience is perhaps the most crucial step you can take in the early stages of your design process. Factors to examine in any audience analysis include: Context in which the site is being read User attitudes and motivations Education and reading levels Professional experience Organizational role. For general Internet use, your audience may be so broad as to defy description, but in most situations, you can gain a very detailed sense of who your audience members are and what their informational needs are. In professional digital design firms, audience analysis and user testing are primary components of the design process and are conducted for many weeks before the first line of code is ever written. Why? Such testing helps designers fashion both content and structure of the site in order to reduce the need for changes once the site is being constructed. Such user testing includes everything from focus group interviews to unsability studies in which people navigate through prototype sections of a site and report problems they experience. As part of your Web site proposal due March 28th, I expect you to include a fairly extensive analysis of who your audience is for your proposed site. http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html Assignement

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Process of Communication

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Process of Communication

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Source Why to communicate? What to communicate? Usefulness of the communication Accuracy of the information to be communicated

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Encoding The process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Ability to convey the information. Eliminate sources of confusion, e.g. cultural issues, mistaken assumptions, missing information, etc Know your audience.

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Channels Written Letters Memos Proposals Reports Presentations E-mails SMS text Instant Messenging Tweets Verbal Meetings Telephone conversations Video conferencing

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Decoding Effective decoding Listen actively Read information carefully Ask questions for better understanding Avoid/reduce confusion

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Receiver Prior knowledge can influence the receiver’s understanding of the message Blockages in the receiver’s mind The surrounding disturbances

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Feedback can be: Verbal Non-verbal Written Positive Negative Feedback feedback

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Context The sender needs to communicate the context to the receiver for better clarity in the overall communications process. Situation e.g. introduction, sales pitch, conflict, an exam, etc. Different cultures e.g. academic, corporate, international, regional, etc. Language Location or place e.g. restaurant, office, classroom, etc.

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Communication & the Organisation Understanding communication process is critical to management of the organization. Managers should understand that communication is rarely understood as it should be. The distortion of the message can happen at any of the stages in communication process-sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, channel, message and feedback. Prof.Appalayya Meesala, Professor of Management in Deccan School of Management http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Dr.Appalayya_Meesala

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What makes a good communicator?

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What makes a good communicator? http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm Oral Presentation Audience Awareness Critical Listening Body Language Non-Verbal Audience Awareness Personal Presentation Body Language Written Academic Writing Revision and editing Critical Reading Presentation of Data

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An active listener An effective presenter A quick thinker A win-win negotiator We will be examining each of these areas in detail over the coming weeks What makes a good communicator? In other words...

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Communication Game Divide into groups of four Sequentially assign a number to every individual #1 pick sentence from bag Memorize the sentence Say the sentence to the 2nd person No one else should hear the sentence! 2nd person say it to the 3rd person and so on The last person should announce the sentence to all 1st person confirms if sentence is correct

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Communication GameWhat did we learn? Verbal communication can create confusion Every person’s thought process influences the individual understanding. So, be an active listener...

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Active Listening 4 steps

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Understand your own communication style Listen With Purpose Use non-verbal communication Give feedback Active Listening (in detail below)

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High level of self-awareness to creating good & long lasting impression on others. Understand how others perceive you Avoid being a “chamelon” by changing with every personality you meet Make others comfortable by selecting appropriate behavior that suits your personality while listening. (Ideally, nodding your head). Active Listening 1) Understand your own communication style

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People speak 100-175 words per minute but can listen intelligently at 300 WPM One part of human mind pays attention, so it is easy to go into mind drift Listen with a purpose Purpose can be to: gain information obtain directions understand others solve problems share interest see how another person feels show support etc. If it is difficult to concentrate, repeat the speaker’s words in your mind Active Listening 2) Listen With Purpose

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Eye contact Smile Gestures Your posture Cultural cues Active Listening 3) Use Non-verbal Communication (More on this momentarily...)

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Remember... what someone says and what we hear can be vastly different Repeat back or summarize to ensure that you understand Restate what you think you heard and ask: "Have I understood you correctly?" Active Listening 4) Give Feedback

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Non-verbal Communication Skills 6 Ways of Using Non-verbal Communication Skills Effectively

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6 Ways of Using Non-verbal Communication Skills Effectively Eye contact Facial expressions Gestures Posture and body orientation Proximity Paralinguistic Non-verbal Communication Skills

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Non-verbal communication1) Eye Contact The eyes are most expressive and direct part of our body. Different types of eye contact: …and many more

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Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits: Happiness Friendliness Warmth Liking Affiliation Non-verbal communication2) Facial Expression

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Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement to students and indicate that you are listening. A lively and animated communication style captures peoples' attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates understanding and provides a bit of entertainment. If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff and unanimated. Non-verbal communication3) Gestures

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Non-verbal communication4) Posture and Body Orientation You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk, stand and sit. Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forward communicates to your audience that you are approachable, receptive and friendly. Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience

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Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with audience You should look for signals of discomfort caused by invading your audience‘s space Some of these are: rocking leg swinging tapping gaze aversion sitting back clasping hands behind head Non-verbal communication5) Proximty

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Vocal elements, such as: Tone Pitch Rhythm Timbre Loudness Inflection Non-verbal communication6) Paralinguistic

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You have over 630 muscles in your body. It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles to produce human speech. The strongest muscle in your body is your tongue. use it effectively Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they move more than 100,000 times a day. You have over 30 muscles in your face to help you smile or frown. 17 muscles to smile 43 muscles frown So... smile everytime you see someone – it’s easier! Finally... some body Facts

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To sum up...

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http://www.projectcartoon.com/ How Project Really Work

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History of Communications Aristotle Rhetoric – art of oration and persuasion 1940’s & post-World War II Laswell Shannon-Weaver Schramm

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Process of Communication Source Encoding Channel Decoding Receiver Context Feedback

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What makes a good communicator? http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm Oral Presentation Audience Awareness Critical Listening Body Language Non-Verbal Audience Awareness Personal Presentation Body Language Written Academic Writing Revision and editing Critical Reading Presentation of Data

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To achieve Active Listening: Understand your own communication style Listen With Purpose Use non-verbal communication Give feedback Active Listening

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6 Ways of Using Non-verbal Communication Skills Effectively Eye contact Facial expressions Gestures Posture and body orientation Proximity Paralinguistic Non-verbal Communication Skills

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