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Environmental Effects of Agriculture PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1 - Environmental Effects of Agriculture (Non-point Source Pollution)
Slide 2 - Introduction Agriculture generally behind the times (1990 –> USDA decided that water quality is a problem in the US - doh!) Can cause severe environmental impacts Agro-pollution hard to address – farming historically seen as stewardship of the land (actually stewardship of farmland)
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Slide 5 - Why agriculture? The Need to Feed Unpredictable services offered by unmanaged system (natural environment) Agriculture = managing environment
Slide 6 - Pollution from Agriculture Agriculture often considered a life-style AR is a large exporter of pollution – Gulf of Mexico Agriculture is hardest non-point source problem to solve Only significant progress  pesticides (but not a big problem anyway)
Slide 7 - The Process of Agriculture Crop selection 1. based on high yield and market need (exception – dairy farmer growing corn for cattle) 2. 350,000 spp. of terrestrial plants , < 2,000 ever cultivated or used for food 3. Wheat, corn, rice meets most of worlds caloric needs 4. US uses only about 25 crops -> low exploitation of plant resources
Slide 8 - The Process of Agriculture (con’t) Propagation Tillage – prepare soil to receive crop 2. Nutrient management
Slide 9 - The Process of Agriculture (Con’t) C. Protection Pest management Note: pesticides synthesized to kill, then quickly breakdown into “harmless” residues
Slide 10 - III. Modern Production Agriculture Use of energy in agriculture to increase yield 1. Agriculture is an extremely E. intensive (HO Table 18.2) 2. Ways to save E. in agriculture a. Better herbicides (more specific) b. Better irrigation (polypipe) c. Alternative N2 inputs d. Fuel (avg fruit travels 1,300 miles to market  increase regional markets
Slide 11 - Modern Production Agriculture (con’t) B. Other factors affecting yield 1. Environmental conditions (HO) a. Spring - increasing temp, water needs b. Summer – need 25% light for max. Ps Note: often water stressed  get decr. in mass because using stored E. to survive c. Fall – plants start to die  harvest just before
Slide 12 - Modern Production Agriculture (con’t) B. Other factors affecting yield (con’t) 2. Manipulation by farmer a. tillage (plowing) manipulates soil, air, water b. altered nutrient cycles - bury dead organic matter - “ weed seed bank deep so no germinate - fertilization  N, P, K
Slide 13 - Modern Production Agriculture (con’t) C. Chemical fertilization 1. Forms of chemical fertilizers Nitrogen (N) NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate) – cheap but explosive NaNO3 (sodium nitrate) good but expensive CO(NH2)2 (urea) expensive, effective but may scorch NH3.H2O (anhydrous ammonia) cheaper, high loss by leaching NH4.OH (aqueous ammonia) less cheap, less “ “ “
Slide 14 - Modern Production Agriculture (con’t) 2. Phosphorous (P) Phosphate rock – grind into powder, cheap but very water insoluble CaH2PO4 (superphosphate) together make up Ca(H2PO4 )2 ( “ ) 50% of all P used H2P2O4 (phosphoric Usually extract from rock, H3PO4 acid) treat with H2SO4  use
Slide 15 - Modern Production Agriculture (con’t) 3. Potassium (K) KCl (potassium chloride) – most widely used K fertilizer K2SO4 (pot. sulfate) – expensive, but S has some fertilizer value K2NO3 (pot. nitrate) – expen, mainly used for vegetables Potash (K-oxide) – v. good for certain crops (potatoes)
Slide 16 - Modern Production Agriculture (con’t) 2. Ratio and Use of Fertilizers N : P : K 10 : 10 : 10 <-- % by weight Above is very soluble to increase movement into plants but also increases runoff OH
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