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Air Pollution PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide 1 - Air Pollution
Slide 2 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride
Slide 3 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium
Slide 4 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide
Slide 5 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors
Slide 6 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots
Slide 7 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year
Slide 8 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals
Slide 9 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen
Slide 10 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer
Slide 11 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils
Slide 12 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils
Slide 13 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted
Slide 14 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter.
Slide 15 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases.
Slide 16 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.
Slide 17 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.
Slide 18 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios
Slide 19 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25
Slide 20 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment
Slide 21 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC
Slide 22 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction
Slide 23 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020
Slide 24 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple !
Slide 25 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes
Slide 26 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées
Slide 27 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 28 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 29 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 30 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 31 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 32 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 33 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
Slide 34 - Air Pollution ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene vinylchloride INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS Nitrogen dioxide Ozone and other photochemical oxidants Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide What is air pollution? contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health Air pollution only occurs outdoors Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks, and airplanes Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and dinosaur bones) Insecticides Herbicides Everyday radioactive fallouts Dust from fertilizers Mining operations Livestock feedlots A major form of air pollution is emissions given off by vehicles. The number of cars in EU has doubled between 1970 and 1994 – 3% per year What’s in smog particulates (especially lead) nitrous oxides potassium Carbon monoxide Other toxic chemicals Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation Bacteria Molds and mildews Viruses animal dander and cat saliva plants house dust Mites Cockroaches pollen Effects on the environment Acid rain Ozone depletion Global warming In human population- respiratory problems, allergies, strengthens lugs, and a risk for cancer Acid rain contains high levels of sulfuric or nitric acids contaminate drinking water and vegetation damage aquatic life erode buildings Alters the chemical equilibrium of some soils Strategies Air Quality Management Plan Development of new technology- electric cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide boilers and water healers, zero polluting paints, less polluting BBQ lighter fluids Use of natural gas Carpooling Follow the laws enacted Urban Emissions There are small emissions of NOx from industrial processes The main emissions are from combustion. There is negligible nitrogen in gasoline or diesel fuels so the nitrogen oxides arise from the N2 and O2 in the air. Sulphur dioxides arise from the sulphur present in most fuels. Particulate matter describes matter below 10μm aerodynamic diameter. Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different emissions in different quantities. Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part of the harmful gases. Catalytic Converters and Particle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions. CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2 Platinum Honeycomb Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but the effectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a high sulphur content. The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel. STRATEGIE The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) approach: Based on scientific knowledge Using best available, quality-controlled real-world data With close involvement of stakeholders: Project future emissions and air quality resulting from full implementation of current EU legislation Explore scope and costs for further measures Analyze cost-effective policy scenarios Estimate benefits of policy scenarios Scope for further technical emission reductions CAFE baseline “with climate measures”, EU-25 Main pollutants used in the CAFE assessment Particulate Matter (PM ) Pollution - Traffic emissions including diesel engines - Small combustion sources burnng coal and wood - Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC Ground level ozone - VOC control to reduce ozone in cities - N0x reduction from traffic - Control of N0x emissions from ships - Methane reduction Multi-pollutant/multi-effect analysis for identifying cost-effective policy scenarios SO2 NOx VOC NH3 PM Health Acidification Eutrophication Ozone RAINS computer model CAFE policy targets for 2020 Une pincée de NOx et quelques photons pour faire un peu d’ozone (l < 430 nm) Mais pas trop de NOx ce qui détruit une partie de l'ozone formé, Ni trop de COV ce qui en produit de trop ! NO2 + O2 O3 + NO RO2 + NO La cuisine photochimique : mais c’est très simple ! LES COV 40 BTX automatiques 50 Campagnes COV/an (tubes à diffusion, canisters, …) CPG automatiques (31 composés) Monitoring of NOX - COV LES NOX 505 NO2 automatiques en sites fixes Dépassements du seuil d’information et de recommandation de la population 180µg/m3/h – été 2003 Durées cumulées des dépassements Nb d’évènements de dépassement 86 % des sites ont connu au moins 1 dépassement du seuil 180 Durée moyenne des dépassements : 34h par capteur, Principales régions concernées : Alsace, Centre, Ile de France, PACA, Rhône Alpes Les zones habituellement épargnées du littoral Atlantique ont été touchées Echantillons d’aérosols prélevés chaque semaine au Pic du Midi (3000m )depuis Juin 2002 (LA, LMTG, LGGE, LSCE) Source : C. Liousse et al. 2004 - CNRS L’été 2003 s’est également caractérisé par des niveaux élevés de
 

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